Four Decades of Population Health Data

Four decades of health economics through a bibliometric lens.

In this paper, we take a bibliometric tour of the last forty years of health economics using bibliographic "metadata" from EconLit supplemented by citation data from Google Scholar and our own topical classifications. We report the growth of health economics (we find 33,000 publications since 1969-12,000 more than in the economics of education) and list the 300 most-cited publications broken do...

Four key decades

main greenhouse gas is continuing to increase in the atmosphere at an alarming rate. The level of the gas at the Zeppelin research station in Svalbard peaked at more than 397 ppm, an increase of more than 2.5 ppm on 2008. Carbon dioxide levels at Svalbard tend to be higher than the global average, but scientists said the carbon dioxide level they had measured was unprecedented, even for that lo...

Four Decades of Scientific Explanation

The search for scientific knowledge extends far back into antiquity. At some point in that quest, at least by the time of Aristotle, philosophers recognized that a fundamental distinction should be drawn between two kinds of scientific knowledge—roughly, knowledge that and knowledge why. It is one thing to know that each planet periodically reverses the direction of its motion with respect to t...

Four Decades of AI in Portugal

Four decades of stroke prevention trials.

M edical students in the 1940s observed that stroke victims were regarded as in a hopeless situation. Severely disabled patients with stroke and those in coma from intra-cerebral clots were confined to Observation Units. What was learned in my early days allowed us to replace this Medical Bedlam with Stroke Prevention and Treatment Units. Stroke neurologists, specialized nurses, and imaging tec...